INFIDEL

Border Pillar 102 is a prominent international boundary marker, most famously located at the Attari–Wagah border crossing between India (Punjab) and Pakistan (Punjab). It sits directly on the zero line along the historic Grand Trunk Road (Sher Shah Suri Marg), connecting Amritsar in India to Lahore in Pakistan. Established following the 1947 Partition of British India, Border Pillar 102 marks the exact division specified by the Radcliffe Line in this sector. Wagah-Attari Joint Check Post (JCP): The post established around Pillar 102 became the site for the iconic Attari–Wagah Beating Retreat Ceremony, held daily by the Border Security Force (BSF) of India and the Pakistan Rangers. HISTORY OF THE JCP Following the Partition of British India in August 1947, millions of refugees crossed between Punjab, India, and Punjab, Pakistan along the historic Grand Trunk Road (Sher Shah Suri Marg). However, there was initially no defined physical checkpoint or marker along the road. Brigadier Mohind...

We helicopter pilots have something called VNE which dictates the MAX speed that I can fly my helicopter. Commercial jetliners certified under modern transport category regulations (FAR Part 25) do not use a VNE (Velocity Never Exceed) speed limit, as VNE is a design limit reserved primarily for general aviation aircraft and helicopters. Instead, jet transport aircraft like the Boeing 737 MAX 8 use VMO (Maximum Operating Limit Speed) for lower altitudes and MMO (Maximum Operating Mach Number) for higher altitudes. MMO establishes a safe boundary to prevent the aircraft from running into severe compressibility problems, high-speed buffeting, loss of control, or structural damage. It is the highest permissible Mach number (the ratio of true airspeed to the local speed of sound) allowed during climb, cruise, or descent For the Boeing 737 MAX 8, these operational maximum speeds are: VMO (Maximum Operating Speed): 340 knots IAS (Indicated Airspeed) MMO (Maximum Operating Mach Number): Mach ...

What is a Carat? A carat is a term used in fine jewelry to express two completely different measurements: purity (for gold) and weight (for gemstones like diamonds). The word originates from the ancient Greek kerátion (carob seed) , as uniform carob seeds were historically used on balance scales to weigh precious items. A gold carat measures the purity of gold on a 24-point scale. Because pure gold is naturally very soft and prone to bending or scratching, it is often melted down and mixed with alloy metals (like copper, silver, or zinc) for strength and durability. 24 Carat (24K): 24/24 parts gold = 99.9% pure gold 22 Carat (22K): 22/24 parts gold = 91.6% pure gold 18 Carat (18K): 18/24 parts gold = 75.0% pure gold 14 Carat (14K): 14/24 parts gold = 58.5% pure gold 9 Carat (9K): 9/24 parts gold = 37.5% pure gold (Common in UK/Australian jewelry). A diamond carat is a unit of weight used to measure diamonds and other gemstones. The standard unit: 1 carat = 200 milligrams (0.2 grams)....

Many American pilots wore RAF uniforms during World War II. Before the United States officially entered WWII after the attack on Pearl Harbor, roughly 240 American volunteer pilots joined the Royal Air Force to fight against Germany. They formed three famous RAF fighter units known as the Eagle Squadrons (Nos. 71, 121, and 133 Squadrons). Because they were enlisted as officers in the Royal Air Force, they wore standard blue-grey RAF service uniforms and held RAF rank titles (such as Pilot Officer, Flying Officer, or Flight Lieutenant). To signify their nationality, their uniform jackets featured a distinctive Eagle Squadron sleeve patch—a white bald eagle flanked by the letters "ES" worn on the shoulder. THE EAGLE SQUADRONS The Eagle Squadrons were three specialized Royal Air Force (RAF) fighter squadrons manned by volunteer pilots from the United States before the US formally entered World War II. Between 1939 and late 1941, the US Neutrality Acts prohibited American citizen...

  Th e Cathedral of Phnom Penh (officially the Cathedral of Christ the King) was a prominent Roman Catholic cathedral located on Monivong Boulevard in the Russei Keo district of Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Construction of the cathedral began in the late 19th century under the French colonial administration to serve the growing Catholic population in Indochina. Designed in the French Neo-Gothic revival style, its scale and grand proportions were frequently compared to the famous Reims Cathedral in France. During the Cambodian Civil War, as conflict escalated in Phnom Penh, the cathedral suffered surrounding damage from shelling. In late 1972 and January 1974, Khmer Rouge rockets struck near the grounds, causing structural damage to the adjacent rectory. Shortly after capturing Phnom Penh on April 17, 1975, Pol Pot's Khmer Rouge regime systematically razed the cathedral. It was one of the very first major monuments destroyed by the regime as part of their campaign to eradicate religion, fo...

  Anyone remember Pakistani batsman Qasim Umar?? He was the first black Pakistani cricketer who played in 26 Test matches and 31 One Day Internationals between 1983 and 1987. He scored over 1,500 Test runs, including three centuries (one of which was a double century, 210 against India in 1984). His career was cut short in 1987 after he became a whistleblower on spot-fixing and drug use within the sport. Well, often mistaken to be from the "Habshi"/"Siddi" people of the Indian subcontinent, Umar was not a "Habshi"/"Siddi". He was born in Kenya to a Pakistani father and a Kenyan mother, thus giving him the "Habshi"/"Siddi" features. HABSHI/SIDDI The term Habshi (or Siddi/Sheedi in Pakistan) historically refers to people of African descent in South Asia (derived from Habesh, the historical region of Abyssinia/Ethiopia). The Siddi (also known as Sidi, Sheedi, or Habshi) are an ethnic group inhabiting India and Pakistan, descended...

You must have all heard the English word "Pariah" meaning "social outcast" or "anyone excluded/rejected by society". Commonly applies to the "Desi Kutta" or the Indian Pariah Dog (these days called "Indie") The word "Pariah" entered English in the early 17th century from the Tamil language, specifically from the word "Paṟaiyar" (பறையர்) , the plural of "Paṟaiyan" (பறையன்) . It originates from the Tamil noun "Paṟai" (பறை), which refers to a traditional frame drum beaten at festivals, announcements, and funerals. "Paṟaiyar" translates literally to "drummers". The Paraiyar were historically a caste group in Tamil Nadu and Kerala responsible for playing the parai drum at religious ceremonies, funerals, and community proclamations. Under the traditional South Asian caste hierarchy, their association with handling animal hides for drumheads and performing funeral rites led higher c...

This Bengali chaddi thinks Strand was a person. FIRSTLY: Agrasen was not a historic person nor a Vedic Hindu King. Agrasen is a mythological character who first appeared in the 1871 text "Agarwalon ki Utpatti" (The Origin of the Agrawals), an essay written by the prominent Hindi author and poet Bharatendu Harishchandra. Harishchandra stated that his account was based on a manuscript titled "Sri Mahalakshmi Vrat Ki Katha", which he claimed was part of the Bhavishya Purana. However, historians and scholars have been unable to trace any mention of Agrasen in existing versions of the Bhavishya Purana or other classical texts. The Agrawal/Agarwal community, perpetually confused between being a Baniya or a Kshatriya claim descent from Agrasen. NOW THE STRAND IN CALCUTTA In road names, "Strand" comes from an old Germanic/Old English word (strond) that means "the shore," "riverbank," or "edge of a body of water". Therefore, a road na...

A fascinating bit of modern evolutionary biology! While the long-necked animals we call giraffes obviously exist in the wild, the classic concept of "a single giraffe species" (Giraffa camelopardalis) was scientifically dismantled. Historically, taxonomists classified all giraffes under one single species with multiple sub-species. However, extensive DNA research (led by the Giraffe Conservation Foundation and Goethe University) revealed that there are actually four distinct species of giraffes that do not interbreed in the wild: Northern Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) There are three recognized subspecies of northern giraffe: the Kordofan giraffe, the Nubian giraffe, and the West African giraffe. Southern Giraffe (Giraffa giraffa) South African giraffe is the only one species of giraffe with nine subspecies. Reticulated Giraffe (Giraffa reticulata) (Somalian Giraffe) The reticulated giraffe is the largest species of giraffe and the tallest land animal in general Masai Gira...

Merle Oberon Born Estelle Merle O'Brien Thompson in Bombay in 1911, Oberon was of mixed British, Sinhalese and Indian descent. Her darker-skinned mother/grandmother lived with her as her "maid". To pass as white in Hollywood, Oberon concocted an elaborate origin story claiming she was born in Hobart, Tasmania, to upper-class white parents, and that her birth records were destroyed in a fire. Boris Karloff Born William Henry Pratt in London in 1887, the iconic horror star behind Frankenstein’s Monster had Anglo-Indian heritage. His father and maternal grandmother were both of mixed Anglo-Indian descent. Karloff had a naturally dark complexion, an accent, and distinct facial features that led to questions in class-conscious Edwardian Britain and early Hollywood. The family downplayed their mixed roots for generations due to British colonial social stigmas, a secret Karloff kept throughout his screen career. Vivien Leigh Born Vivian Mary Hartley in Darjeeling, India, in 191...